SNP-SNP interactions in the BDNF, COMT, CBR1 and CCK genes, associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in urban residents of Itagüí, Colombia / Interacciones SNP-SNP en los genes BDNF, COMT, CBR1 y CCK asociadas al trastorno de estrés postraumático en la población urbana de Itagüí, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BDNF, COMT, CBR1 and CCK genes have been associated with the process of fear extinction in humans. Since fear extinction plays a key role in recovering from psychological trauma, there is a possibility that these genes modulate the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: To assess unilocus and multilocus associations between SNPs in the BDNF, COMT, CBR1 and CCK genes and the risk of developing PTSD. Materials and methods: 129 inhabitants of the municipality of Itagüí, Colombia, who had experienced psychological trauma at least once, were genotyped for these polymorphisms (38 cases of PTSD and 91 controls). Logistic regression was used to perform unilocus and multilocus association tests for single SNPs and existing SNP-SNP genotypic combinations. Results: No unilocus associations were found, but interactions between the BDNF and CBR1 genes and between the COMT and CCK genes were observed. Of these interactions, the genotypic combinations that behaved as risk factors were AG-AA (OR=13.52, p<0.05) in the BDNF-CBR1 interaction, and TC-AA (OR=13.70, p<0.05) in the CCK-COMT interaction. Conclusions: The two pairs of interacting polymorphisms found in this study could act additively and generate a greater risk of developing PTSD after suffering psychological trauma. People who have a single allele have a lower risk of developing PTSD than those who have two alleles in the interacting genes.

Resumen Introducción. Los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP, por su sigla en inglés) en los genes BDNF, COMT, CBR1 y CCK han sido asociados con el proceso de extinción del miedo en humanos. Dado que la extinción del miedo es clave para la recuperación del trauma psicológico, es posible que estos genes modulen el riesgo de desarrollar trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Objetivo. Evaluar las asociaciones unilocus y multilocus entre los SNP en los genes BDNF, COMT, CBR1 y CCK y el riesgo de desarrollar TEPT. Materiales y métodos. 129 habitantes del municipio de Itagüí, Colombia, que habían experimentado trauma psicológico al menos una vez, fueron genotipificados para estos polimorfismos (38 casos de TEPT y 91 controles). Se realizaron pruebas de asociación unilocus y multilocus por regresión logística para SNP únicos y las combinaciones genotípicas SNP-SNP existentes. Resultados. No se encontraron asociaciones unilocus, pero se observaron interacciones entre BDNF y CBR1, y CCK y COMT. De estas interacciones, las combinaciones genotípicas que se comportaron como factores de riesgo fueron AG-AA (OR=13.52, p<0.05) de BDNF-CBR1 y TC-AA (OR=13.70, p<0.05) de CCK-COMT. Conclusiones: Los dos pares de polimorfismos en interacción encontrados en el presente estudio podrían actuar de forma aditiva y generar un mayor riesgo de desarrollar TEPT después de sufrir trauma psicológico. Quienes portan un solo alelo tienen un menor riesgo de desarrollar el trastorno que quienes portan dos alelos en genes que interactúan entre sí.

Salud mental de adolescentes y jóvenes víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en Colombia / Mental Health of Adolescents and Young People Victims of Forced Displacement in Colombia

Resumen La exposición a situaciones de vulnerabilidad y violencia, como el desplazamiento forzado, generan en la población víctima efectos nocivos para su salud mental. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir el estado actual de la salud mental y algunos factores sociodemográficos y del entorno asociados, de 471 adolescentes y jóvenes entre 13 y 28 años, víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en tres ciudades colombianas. Se aplicó la entrevista Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), versión CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview); un cuestionario ad hoc sobre aspectos del desplazamiento forzado y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas; la escala de funcionamiento familiar APGAR y la escala MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) de apoyo social. Se encontró una prevalencia de cualquier trastorno mental en el último año del 24,4% y cualquier trastorno por uso de sustancias del 4,7%. Los trastornos más prevalentes fueron fobia específica (6,8%), trastorno por estrés postraumático (5,7%) y trastorno depresivo mayor (5,1%). La dependencia a la marihuana se presentó en 2,1% de los participantes y el abuso de alcohol en 1,9%. Un 14,6% de los adolescentes y jóvenes víctimas de desplazamiento forzado han pensado suicidarse alguna vez en la vida. Ser hombre, menor de edad, con buen funcionamiento familiar y apoyo social adecuado, fueron factores protectores para la presencia de trastornos mentales.

Abstract Exposure to vulnerable and violent events, such as forced displacement, generate several adverse effects on the mental health of victim population. The objective of this study is to describe the current mental health condition and some associated sociodemographic and environmental factors in 471 adolescents and young people between 13 and 28 years of age, who have been victims of forced displacement in three Colombian cities. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) interview, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) version was administered; an ad hoc questionnaire on aspects of forced displacement and the consumption of psychoactive substances; the APGAR family function scale and the MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) scale of social support. It was found a prevalence of any mental disorder in the last years of 24.4% and any substance use disorder of 4.7%. The most prevalent disorders were specific phobia (6.8%), post-traumatic stress disorder (5.7%) and major depressive disorder (5.1%). Dependence on marijuana was found at 2.1% and alcohol abuse at 1.9%. 14.6% of adolescents and young victims of forced displacement have considered committing suicide at some point along their lives. Being a minor- age man, with a functional family and adequate social support, were protective factors from mental disorders.

Relación entre antecedente de maltrato en la niñez y comportamiento maltratador hacia los hijos. Itagüí, Colombia, 2012-2013 / Relationship Between the History of Abuse in the Childhood and Abusive Behaviour Towards Children. Itagüí, Colombia, 2012-2013

RESUMEN Introducción: Una de las experiencias que representan mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de cualquier sociedad es el maltrato infantil. A pesar de las graves consecuencias que derivan de esta forma de violencia, tiende a ser un fenómeno oculto y poco comprendido. La razón que los padres maltraten a sus hijos es una de las cuestiones que mayor interés ha suscitado en la investigación de este fenómeno. Objetivo: Determinar cómo se relaciona el antecedente de maltrato en la niñez de los adultos con el comportamiento maltratador dirigido a sus propios hijos. Métodos: Estudio transversal, a partir de fuente de información secundaria. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas con comportamientos violentos dirigidos a otras personas, factores prosociales y el uso de sustancias psicoactivas. A partir de esta población, se seleccionaron 2 grupos, padres maltratadores y no maltratadores de sus propios hijos. En ambos grupos se evaluó la frecuencia de diferentes factores que pudieran explicar la probabilidad de comportamiento maltratador de los adultos hacia sus hijos. Se analizó la asociación entre el comportamiento agresivo contra los propios hijos y el hecho de tener el antecedente de haber sufrido maltrato en la niñez. Como medida de asociación, se utilizó la odds ratio (OR) con su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y un umbral de significación p < 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyó a 187 adultos; el 63,1% eran mujeres. La mediana [intervalo intercuartílico] de edad fue 38 [24-52] años. El comportamiento maltratador de los padres hacia sus hijos se asoció con: sexo femenino (OR = 2,23; IC95%, 1,13-4,40), agresión a la pareja (OR = 3,28; IC95%, 1,58-6,80), agresión a otras personas fuera de la familia (OR = 2,66; IC95%, 1,05-6,74), comportamiento prosocial (OR = 0,32; IC95%, 0,14-0,73) y rasgos de conducta disfuncionales (OR = 2,23; IC95%, 1,11-4,52). No se encontró asociación con el antecedente de maltrato infantil en la niñez (OR = 1,54; IC95%, 0,59-4,04). Conclusiones: El antecedente de los padres de maltrato en la niñez no se asoció con el comportamiento maltratador hacia sus hijos. Sí se asociaron otras formas de violencia dirigida a la pareja y agresión a personas no familiares, lo que indica que el maltrato de la niñez en la población estudiada se relaciona con otras expresiones de violencia familiar y social.

ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the experiences that represent the biggest risk for any society is child abuse. Despite the consequences of this form of violence, it tends to be a hidden and little understood phenomenon. The reason why parents mistreat their children has been one of the issues that has raised the most interest in the investigation of this phenomenon. Objective: To determine how the history of child abuse in adults is related to abusive behaviour directed at their own children. Methodology: A cross-sectional study, based on a source of secondary information. The study included sociodemographic variables, variables related to violent behaviours directed to other people, pro-social factors and the use of psychoactive substances. From this population, 2 groups were selected, parents who were abusive and parents who were not abusive towards their own children. In both groups the frequency of different factors that could explain the probability of abusive behaviour of the adults towards their children was evaluated. We analysed the association between aggressive behaviour against one's own children and having a history of child abuse. As a measure of association, the OR was used with its respective 95% confidence interval and P-value<.05. Results: 187 adults were included, 63.1% were women. The median [IQR] age was 38 [2452] years. The abusive behaviour of the parents towards their children was associated with: the female sex (OR = 2.23; 95%CI, 1.13-4.40), partner's aggression (OR = 3.28; 95%CI, 1.58-6.80), aggression towards other people outside the family (OR = 2.66; 95%CI, 1.05-6.74), pro-social behaviour (OR = 0.32; 95%CI, 0.14-0.73), and dysfunctional behavioural traits (OR = 2.23; 95%CI, 1.11-4.52). There was no association with the history of child abuse (OR= 1.54; 95%CI, 0.59-4.04). Conclusions: The history of abuse in the parents' childhood was not associated with abusive behaviour towards their children. Other forms of partner's violence and non-family violence were associated, suggesting that child abuse in the study population was related to other expressions of family and social violence.

Relationship Between the History of Abuse in the Childhood and Abusive Behaviour Towards Children. Itagüí, Colombia, 2012-2013. / Relación entre antecedente de maltrato en la niñez y comportamiento maltratador hacia los hijos. Itagüí, Colombia, 2012-2013.

INTRODUCTION: One of the experiences that represent the biggest risk for any society is child abuse. Despite the consequences of this form of violence, it tends to be a hidden and little understood phenomenon. The reason why parents mistreat their children has been one of the issues that has raised the most interest in the investigation of this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE: To determine how the history of child abuse in adults is related to abusive behaviour directed at their own children. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study, based on a source of secondary information. The study included sociodemographic variables, variables related to violent behaviours directed to other people, pro-social factors and the use of psychoactive substances. From this population, 2 groups were selected, parents who were abusive and parents who were not abusive towards their own children. In both groups the frequency of different factors that could explain the probability of abusive behaviour of the adults towards their children was evaluated. We analysed the association between aggressive behaviour against one's own children and having a history of child abuse. As a measure of association, the OR was used with its respective 95% confidence interval and P-value<.05. RESULTS: 187 adults were included, 63.1% were women. The median [IQR] age was 38 [24-52] years. The abusive behaviour of the parents towards their children was associated with: the female sex (OR=2.23; 95%CI, 1.13-4.40), partner's aggression (OR=3.28; 95%CI, 1.58-6.80), aggression towards other people outside the family (OR=2.66; 95%CI, 1.05-6.74), pro-social behaviour (OR=0.32; 95%CI, 0.14-0.73), and dysfunctional behavioural traits (OR=2.23; 95%CI, 1.11-4.52). There was no association with the history of child abuse (OR=1.54; 95%CI, 0.59-4.04). CONCLUSIONS: The history of abuse in the parents' childhood was not associated with abusive behaviour towards their children. Other forms of partner's violence and non-family violence were associated, suggesting that child abuse in the study population was related to other expressions of family and social violence.

Costos asociados con la salud mental / Costs associated with mental health

Para todas las personas, la salud mental y física y el bienestar social son componentes vitales inextricablemente ligados. Con el creciente conocimiento sobre esta interdependencia, se puede aceptar de manera evidente que la salud mental es un pilar central en el bienestar general de los individuos, las sociedades y las naciones. La salud mental puede ser definida como el estado de bienestar que permite a los individuos desarrollar sus habilidades, afrontar el estrés normal de la vida, trabajar de manera productiva y fructífera, y hacer una contribución significativa a sus comunidades. No obstante, en la mayor parte del mundo, ni remotamente se le atribuye a la salud mental y los trastornos mentales la misma importancia que a la salud física. Por el contrario, la salud mental ha sido objeto de abandono e indiferencia. Las enfermedades mentales no son solo un problema creciente de salud pública, sino también un problema social y económico que afecta a individuos y familias en todo el mundo. La prevalencia de trastornos mentales, la magnitud de la discapacidad causada por estos trastornos y la utilización de los servicios de estos pacientes han sido bien estudiados en países desarrollados y actualmente comienza a ser una prioridad en los países en desarrollo.

For all people, mental and physical health and social well-being are vital components that are inextricably linked. With the growing understanding of this interdependence, it can be clearly accepted that mental health is a central pillar in the overall well-being of individuals, societies and nations. Mental health can be defined as the state of well-being that enables individuals to develop their abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a meaningful contribution to their communities. However, in most parts of the world, mental health and mental disorders are not remotely accorded the same importance as physical health. On the contrary, mental health has been the subject of neglect and indifference. Mental illness is not only a growing public health problem, but also a social and economic problem that affects individuals and families around the world. The prevalence of mental disorders, the extent of disability caused by these disorders, and the utilization of services by these patients have been well studied in developed countries and are now beginning to be a priority in developing countries.

Sexual abuse and neglect situations as risk factors for adolescent pregnancy / Abuso sexual y situaciones de negligencia como factores de riesgo de embarazo adolescente

Abstract Background: In Colombia, one out of five women between the ages of 15 and 19 years have been pregnant. Almost two-thirds (64%) of these pregnancies were unplanned. Objectives: To examine the socio-demographic, psychosocial and clinical risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy. Methods: An analytical prevalence study was performed using secondary data from the First Demographic Study of Mental Health in Medellin, Colombia. Female adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age were included in the study. The population was evaluated using the Composite International Diagnosis Interview, a structured interview developed by the World Health Organization, which establishes diagnoses according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. Results: A sample of 499 female adolescents was obtained, in which 135 adolescent pregnancies were identified, representing a prevalence of 21.5%. The large majority (84.4%) were between 16 and 19 years old. The median age was 17 years, with an interquartile range of 2 years. Almost two-thirds (61.2%) of female adolescents had initiated sexual activity at the age of 15 or later. Almost one-third (31.9%) reported being physically abused during childhood, and 6.7% sexually abused. Of those who were pregnant, 66.7% reported previous sexual abuse. A bivariate analysis showed that sexual abuse (OR = 7.68), childhood negligence (OR = 4.33), and having a partner (OR = 6.31) were factors associated with an adolescent pregnancy. Conclusions: Negligence and sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence can be prevented, and adolescent pregnancies can be decreased. This finding has important implications for clinical management and prognosis, and requires public preventive policies.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, 1 de cada 5 mujeres de 15-19 años ha estado embarazada. El 64% de estos embarazos no fueron planeados. Objetivo : Explorar los factores sociodemográficos, psicosociales y clínicos asociados con el embarazo adolescente. Métodos: Estudio de prevalencia analítica, de fuente secundaria (Primer Estudio Poblacional de Salud Mental Medellín). La muestra fue evaluada usando el Compositum International Diagnosis Interview, instrumento desarrollado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para realizar diagnósticos con base en criterios diagnósticos del DSM-IV y el CIE-10. Resultados Se obtuvo una muestra de 499 adolescentes. Se identificaron 135 embarazos adolescentes, lo que lleva a una prevalencia de embarazo adolescente del 21,5%. El 84,4% de las adolescentes embarazadas tenían entre 16 y 19 años, y la edad mediana era 17 [intervalo intercuartílico, 2] anos. El 61,2% de ellas iniciaron la vida sexual a los 15 años. Del total de adolescentes, el 31,9% afirmaba haber sufrido maltrato físico y el 6,7%, haber sido violadas en la niñez. Del subgrupo de embarazadas, el 66,7% reportó haber sufrido violación. En el modelo bivariable, las variables que mostraron asociación con el embarazo adolescente fueron ser víctima de violación (odds ratio [OR] = 7,68), negligencia en la niñez (OR = 4,33) y tener pareja (OR = 6,31). Conclusiones: La negligencia y el abuso sexual en la infancia pueden evitarse buscando impactar positivamente el embarazo adolescente.

Personal and Social Factors Associated with Major Depression Disorder, Medellín (Colombia), 2012 / Factores personales y sociales asociados al trastorno de depresión mayor, medellín (colombia), 2012

Resumen Introducción: actualmente más de 350 millones personas de todas las edades viven en el mundo con trastorno de depresión mayor, siendo este un problema común en la población general que por la persistencia y la severidad de los síntomas que presenta afecta las esferas personal y social de los individuos. Objetivo: determinar los factores personales y sociales asociados al trastorno de depresión mayor en la población de 13 a 65 años de edad de la ciudad de Medellín en el periodo 2011-2012. Materiales y métodos: se analizó la información obtenida en el Primer estudio de salud mental poblacional representativo de hogares para la ciudad de Medellín recopilada a través de entrevistas, realizadas con el World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Se tomaron 4.176 registros. El procesamiento de la información se realizó mediante el programa SPSS versión 21.0 (Licencia Universidad CES). Resultados: la prevalencia para el trastorno de depresión mayor anual en la ciudad de Medellín en el año 2012 fue de 4,1 %. Las mujeres presentaron 2,4 veces más el riesgo de estar afectadas por trastorno de depresión mayor en comparación a los hombres. Tener una percepción regular/mala sobre la salud mental representa un riesgo 6,0 veces mayor que tener una percepción muy buena/excelente; presentar un grado medio de resiliencia representa casi 2 veces más el riesgo de presentar trastorno de depresión mayor en comparación con los que presentan un grado alto de resiliencia, y no poder desahogarse con la familia representa un riesgo de 1,9 veces en comparación a los que sí pueden hacerlo. Conclusiones: los factores personales que se asocian al trastorno de depresión mayor son ser mujer, tener una regular o mala percepción sobre su propia salud mental, no hacer ejercicio, presentar un grado medio de resiliencia; mientras que entre los factores sociales asociados se destacaron aspectos relacionados con la familia como no poder desahogarse y que ésta constantemente realice demandas a sus integrantes.

Abstract Introduction: mental disorders are one of the major health problems worldwide, more than 350 million people of all ages are facing major depressive disorder; this is being a common problem in the general population and its persistence and harshness of the symptoms affect personal and social aspects of an individual. Objective: Determining personal and social facts associated to the major depression disorder, in a population aged from 13 to 65 years old, in Medellin city, during 2011-2012 years. Materials and methods: It was analyzed the information obtained in the First Population Mental Health Survey representative of households for Medellin city, collected through interviews and conducted in cooperation with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. 4,176 records were taken. The information processing was performed using the SPSS software version 21.0 (License for use of CES University). Results: The prevalence for major depressive disorder in the city of Medellin in 2012 was 4.1 %. Women were 2.4 times more likely to be affected by major depressive disorder compared to men. Having a fair / poor perception of mental health represents a 6.0 higher risk than having a very good / excellent perception; Presenting an average degree of resilience would represents almost 2 times of the risk of having major depressive disorder compared to those with a high degree of resilience, and who are not able to relieve oneself with their family represents a risk of 1.9 times in comparison to those who can do it. Conclusions: personal factors associated with major depressive disorder include facts such as: being female, having fair or poor mental health perception, not exercising, having an average degree of resilience; while in terms of the social aspects, they were highlighted aspects related to family, as it is the case of not being heard and being demanded constantly by the family members.

[Sexual Abuse and Neglect Situations as Risk Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy]. / Abuso sexual y situaciones de negligencia como factores de riesgo de embarazo adolescente.

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, one out of five women between the ages of 15 and 19 years have been pregnant. Almost two-thirds (64%) of these pregnancies were unplanned. OBJECTIVES: To examine the socio-demographic, psychosocial and clinical risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy. METHODS: An analytical prevalence study was performed using secondary data from the First Demographic Study of Mental Health in Medellin, Colombia. Female adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age were included in the study. The population was evaluated using the Composite International Diagnosis Interview, a structured interview developed by the World Health Organization, which establishes diagnoses according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. RESULTS: A sample of 499 female adolescents was obtained, in which 135 adolescent pregnancies were identified, representing a prevalence of 21.5%. The large majority (84.4%) were between 16 and 19 years old. The median age was 17 years, with an interquartile range of 2 years. Almost two-thirds (61.2%) of female adolescents had initiated sexual activity at the age of 15 or later. Almost one-third (31.9%) reported being physically abused during childhood, and 6.7% sexually abused. Of those who were pregnant, 66.7% reported previous sexual abuse. A bivariate analysis showed that sexual abuse (OR=7.68), childhood negligence (OR=4.33), and having a partner (OR=6.31) were factors associated with an adolescent pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Negligence and sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence can be prevented, and adolescent pregnancies can be decreased. This finding has important implications for clinical management and prognosis, and requires public preventive policies.

Substance dependence among those without symptoms of substance abuse in the World Mental Health Survey.

The World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative uses the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The first 13 surveys only assessed substance dependence among respondents with a history of substance abuse; later surveys also assessed substance dependence without symptoms of abuse. We compared results across the two sets of surveys to assess implications of the revised logic and develop an imputation model for missing values of lifetime dependence in the earlier surveys. Lifetime dependence without symptoms of abuse was low in the second set of surveys (0.3% alcohol, 0.2% drugs). Regression-based imputation models were built in random half-samples of the new surveys and validated in the other half. There were minimal differences for imputed and actual reported cases in the validation dataset for age, gender and quantity; more mental disorders and days out of role were found in the imputed cases. Concordance between imputed and observed dependence cases in the full sample was high for alcohol [sensitivity 88.0%, specificity 99.8%, total classification accuracy (TCA) 99.5%, area under the curve (AUC) 0.94] and drug dependence (sensitivity 100.0%, specificity 99.8%, TCA 99.8%, AUC 1.00). This provides cross-national evidence of the small degree to which lifetime dependence occurs without symptoms of abuse. Imputation of substance dependence in the earlier WMH surveys improved estimates of dependence.

A Cross-National Examination of Differences in Classification of Lifetime Alcohol Use Disorder Between DSM-IV and DSM-5: Findings from the World Mental Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: The current study sought to examine the diagnostic overlap in DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) and determine the clinical correlates of changing diagnostic status across the 2 classification systems. METHODS: DSM-IV and DSM-5 definitions of AUD were compared using cross-national community survey data in 9 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Participants were 31,367 respondents to surveys in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0, was used to derive DSM-IV and DSM-5 lifetime diagnoses of AUD. Clinical characteristics, also assessed in the surveys, included lifetime DSM-IV anxiety; mood and drug use disorders; lifetime suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt; general functional impairment; and psychological distress. RESULTS: Compared with DSM-IV AUD (12.3%, SE = 0.3%), the DSM-5 definition yielded slightly lower prevalence estimates (10.8%, SE = 0.2%). Almost one-third (n = 802) of all DSM-IV abuse cases switched to subthreshold according to DSM-5 and one-quarter (n = 467) of all DSM-IV diagnostic orphans switched to mild AUD according to DSM-5. New cases of DSM-5 AUD were largely similar to those who maintained their AUD across both classifications. Similarly, new DSM-5 noncases were similar to those who were subthreshold across both classifications. The exception to this was with regard to the prevalence of any lifetime drug use disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cross-national community sample, the prevalence of DSM-5 lifetime AUD was only slightly lower than the prevalence of DSM-IV lifetime AUD. Nonetheless, there was considerable diagnostic switching, with a large number of people inconsistently identified across the 2 DSM classifications.

[Sensitivity and specificity between the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) and the Standardised Clinical Evaluation version I (SCID-I) in a mental health survey of the city of Medellin, 2012]. / Sensibilidad y especificidad entre la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta versión 3.0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) con la Evaluación Clínica Estandarizada versión I (SCID-I) en la Encuesta de Salud Mental de la ciudad de Medellín, 2012.

INTRODUCTION: In order to address the mental health problems of the Colombian population it is necessary to have diagnostic tools (local and international) that are valid, easy to apply, and comparable. OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity between the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I for major depressive disorder, bipolar I and II disorder, and substance dependence disorder. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study comparing the life prevalence of three mental disorders in 100 subjects using the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The two diagnostic interviews were performed that measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with confidence intervals of 95%. The SPSS version 21.0 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The median age was 43.5 years, with an interquartile interval of 30 years. The highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) was observed for drug dependence diagnosis - with 80%, (95%CI, 34.94-100), and 98.46 (95%CI, 94.7-100), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SCID-I and CIDI 3.0 showed different levels of sensitivity and specificity for the three disorders studied with: high for substance dependence disorder, moderate for bipolar disorder I and II, and low for major depressive disorder.

Sensibilidad y especificidad entre la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta versión 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) con la Evaluación Clínica Estandarizada versión I (SCID-I) en la Encuesta de Salud Mental de la ciudad de Medellín, 2012 / Sensitivity and specificity between the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) and the Standardised Clinical Evaluation version I (SCID-I) in a mental health survey of the city of Medellin, 2012

Introducción: El abordaje de los problemas de salud mental de la población colombiana hace necesario disponer de instrumentos diagnósticos válidos, fáciles de aplicar y comparables (local e internacionalmente). Objetivo: Comparar la sensibilidad y la especificidad diagnóstica entre el CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-! para el trastorno depresivo mayor, el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias. Metodología: Estudio transversal que comparó en 100 sujetos las prevalencias de vida de tres trastornos mentales por medio del CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-I. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética Institucional. Se midieron la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo (con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%) de las dos entrevistas diagnósticas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el software SPSS® versión 21.0. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 43,5 [intervalo intercuartílico, 30] anos. La sensibilidad (Se) y la especificidad (Es) más altas se observaron en el diagnóstico de trastorno por dependencia de drogas -Se, 80% (IC95%, 34,94%-100%); Es, 98,46% (IC95%, 94,7%-100%)-. Conclusiones: El SCID-I y el CIDI 3.0 mostraron diferentes niveles de sensibilidad y especificidad para los tres trastornos estudiados así: altas para el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias, moderadas para el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y bajas para el trastorno depresivo mayor.

Introduction: In order to address the mental health problems of the Colombian population it is necessary to have diagnostic tools (local and international) that are valid, easy to apply, and comparable. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity between the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I for major depressive disorder, bipolar I and II disorder, and substance dependence disorder. Methodology: Cross-sectional study comparing the life prevalence of three mental disorders in 100 subjects using the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The two diagnostic interviews were performed that measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with confidence intervals of 95%. The SPSS version 21.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: The median age was 43.5 years, with an interquartile interval of 30 years. The highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) was observed for drug dependence diagnosis - with 80%, (95%CI, 34.94-100), and 98.46 (95%CI, 94.7-100), respectively. Conclusions: SCID-I and CIDI 3.0 showed different levels of sensitivity and specificity for the three disorders studied with: high for substance dependence disorder, moderate for bipolar disorder I and II, and low for major depressive disorder.

Comportamiento suicida de adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en Medellín (Colombia), 2011-2012 / Suicidal Behavior and Attention Decifit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents of Medellin (Colombia), 2011-2012

Introducción: El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad es un problema del neurodesarrollo de alta prevalencia que se asocia con grave disfunción personal, familiar y social. Objetivo: Explorar la posible asociación entre trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad y comportamiento suicida en una población de adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de corte a partir de fuente secundaria. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, de crianza y eventos vitales de 447 adolescentes a quienes se aplicó la Compositum International Diagnosis Interview. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y bivariable a través de odds ratio (OR) y sis intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%); las variables con significación estadística (p < 0,05) se ingresaron en un modelo de regresión logística. La información se analizó con el software SPSS® versión 21.0. Resultados: El 59,1% eran mujeres, con una mediana [intervalo intercuartílico] de edad de 16 [14-18] años. El comportamiento suicida se presentó en el 31% de las mujeres y el 23% de los varones. Mostraban déficit de atención el 6,3% de los adolescentes. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que las variables que mejor explicaban el comportamiento suicida de los adolescentes fueron: el sexo femenino, el trastorno de estrés postraumático, el trastorno de pánico y el consumo de cocaína con trastorno por estrés postraumático. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico y la intervención temprana del déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños puede ser una estrategia útil en la prevención del comportamiento suicida en la adolescencia.

Background: Suicide is a public health problem. In Colombia, teenagers are considered a group at high risk for suicidal behavior. Objective: To explore the possible association between suicidal behavior and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents of Medellin. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was applied to a total of 447 adolescents and the sociodemographic, clinical, familiar, and life event variables of interest were analyzed. The descriptive analysis of qualitative variables are presented as absolute values and frequencies, and the age was described with median [interquartile range]. A logistic regression model was constructed with explanatory variables that showed statistical association. Data were analyzed with SPSS® software version 21.0. Results: Of the total, 59.1% were female, and the median age was 16 [14-18] years. Suicidal behavior was presented in 31% of females and 23% of males. Attention deficit was present in 6.3% of adolescents. The logistic regression analysis showed that the variables that best explained the suicidal behavior of adolescents were: female sex, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and cocaine use. Conclusions: The diagnosis and early intervention of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children may be a useful strategy in the prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents.

Prevalencia de trastornos mentales en población general del municipio de Itagüí (Colombia), 2012 / Prevalence of mental disorders in the general population, Itagüí (Colombia) 2012

Introducción: los trastornos mentales representan no solo una inmensa carga psicológica, social y económica para la sociedad, también aumentan el riesgo de las enfermedades físicas. Teniendo en cuenta las actuales limitaciones en la efectividad de las modalidades de tratamiento para disminuir la discapacidad debida a trastornos mentales y de conducta, el método recomendable para reducir la carga causada por estos trastornos es la prevención. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de vida y la prevalencia de los últimos 12 meses de los principales trastornos psiquiátricos según sexo, grupo poblacional y área geográfica para el municipio de Itagüí en el año 2012. Materiales y métodos: estudio poblacional representativo de hogares para el municipio de Itagüí con información recopilada a través de entrevistas, utilizando el World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). La muestra fue de 896 personas no institucionalizadas. El análisis de la información respondió a la estimación de las proporciones de prevalencia anual y de vida según edad, sexo y lugar de residencia, el procesamiento de datos se realizó en los programas SAS versión 9.0 ® y SPSS versión 21 ®. Resultados: la prevalencia de vida para cualquier trastorno mostró que el 22,5 % de la población ha sufrido o sufre uno o más trastornos mentales, siendo mayor esta proporción para las mujeres. La prevalencia anual mostró que el 11,9 % de la población sufrió cualquier trastorno mental en los 12 meses anteriores al estudio. Las prevalencias fueron menores en adolescentes con relación a los adultos. El comportamiento de la prevalencia del último año presentó el nivel de riesgo más alto para las comunas 4, 5 y 6, pasando a riesgo medio con una prevalencia menor para los residentes de las comunas 1, 2 y 3. Conclusiones: se hace necesario desarrollar programas de prevención con un componente innovador y que busque impactar múltiples niveles: el ambiente, la familia ...

Introduction: Mental disorders represent not only an immense psychological, social and economic burden to society, these also increase the risk of physical illness. Given the current limitations in the effectiveness of treatment modalities to reduce disability due to mental and behavioral disorders, the recommended method to reduce the burden caused by these disorders is prevention. Objective: To determine the prevalence of life and the prevalence of the last 12 months of major psychiatric disorders by sex, population group and geographic area in Itagüi city (Colombia) in 2012. Materials and methods: We conducted a population-representative survey for the city of Itagüi with information gathered through interviews, using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to generate diagnoses of mental health problems. The sample was 896 non-institutionalized persons. Data processing was performed on SAS software version 9.0 and SPSS version 21. Results: The lifetime prevalence for any disorder showed that 22.5 % of the population has suffered or have one or more mental disorders, this proportion was higher for women. The annual prevalence showed that 11.9 % of the study population suffered any mental disorder in the 12 months preceding the survey. According to the group of disorders among adolescents and adults, the prevalence between the two groups were lower in adolescents relative to adults for anxiety disorders, 9.1 % and 6.8 % respectively, the same trend was observed for the group of mood disorders, in adolescents being 2.7 % and 3.7 % in adults, and finally, the behavior of the prevalence of past year presented the highest risk level for districts 4, 5 and 6; passing average risk with lower prevalence for residents of the district 1, 2 and 3. Conclusion: Most prevalent mental disorders for the population studied were those of anxiety and those that are due to psychoactive substance use, for the lifetime ...

Factores asociados a la violencia en Itagüí (Colombia) en 2012 / Factors associated with violence in Itagui (Colombia) in 2012

Introducción: la violencia ha sido una fuente de inquietud en diversos sectores sociales, que se explica al aceptar que la misma dificulta las posibilidades de desarrollo social, al considerarse como factor predictivo de una violencia mayor en el futuro. Métodos: se partió de un enfoque cuantitativo pero utilizando técnicas cualitativas que permitieran complementar los hallazgos encontrados. En la primera etapa se aplicó la técnica de "grupos focales", seguida por la elaboración de un diagnóstico poblacional (diseño transversal de asociación). Con una muestra de 916 participantes, proveniente de la población general no institucionalizada, de 13 a 65 años, residente en las seis comunas de Itagüí y su corregimiento. Resultados: de cada 100 personas encuestadas, 42 presentaron riesgo de comportamiento violento, hubo mayor proporción de hombres con comportamiento violento (51,6 %) que mujeres (48,4 %) y la proporción de dicho comportamiento fue mayor en el corregimiento (55 %) que en el área urbana (39,4 %). Se encontró fuerte asociación entre el riesgo de violencia y la dependencia a las drogas, alcoholismo, tener pares con problemas, maltrato en la niñez, violencia intrafamiliar, trastornos de conducta, irritabilidad, impulsividad y ser testigo del maltrato a la madre. Como factores de protección se encontraron: la cohesión familiar, el comportamiento prosocial, la satisfacción personal, la red de apoyo familiar y la buena comunicación con el padre. El análisis cualitativo permitió un acercamiento a las posibles condiciones que generan violencia, encontrándose que la soledad, la falta de oportunidades laborales, la crisis económica, el microtráfico de drogas y la falta de amor y comunicación en el hogar, son los aspectos más representativos que informaron los entrevistados Conclusiones: se debe priorizar la promoción del buen trato y la prevención de la violencia en el municipio de Itagüí, especialmente en su corregimiento. Las acciones ...

Introduction: Violence has been a source of concern for various social sectors, since it hinders possibilities of social development and is considered a predictive factor of even more violence. Methods: It started from a quantitative approach using qualitative techniques that allow complement the findings. In the first step, the technique of "focus groups" followed by a population diagnosis (cross-sectional association design). For the descriptive phase, no institutionalized population, aging from 13 to 65 years old, were selected from 6 communes of Itagüi (Colombia) and its rural area. The study sample was of 916 participants. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that 42 out of every 100 people had risk of violent behavior, the proportion of this in men (51.6 %) was higher than in woman (48.4 %), and it is also higher in rural areas (55 %) than in urban ones (39.4%). A strong association was found between the risk of violence and drug dependency, alcoholism, having pairs troubled, childhood maltreatment, domestic violence, behavioral disorders, irritability, impulsivity, and witness the violence to the mother. On the other hand, the protective factors found were family cohesion, prosocial behavior, personal satisfaction, family support network and good communication with the father. In the multivariate analysis, age, risk of alcoholism, drug dependence risk, conduct disorder, and irritability remained as associated factors. The qualitative analysis allowed an approach to the possible conditions that generate violence, finding that loneliness, lack of employment opportunities, the economic crisis, drug micro trafficking and lack of love and communication in the home, are the most representative aspects respondents reported. Conclusion: We should prioritize promotion of good treatment and prevention of violence in Itagüi (Colombia), especially in the rural area. This kind of actions must be directed to promote family functioning, ...

[Suicidal Behavior and Attention Decifit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents of Medellin (Colombia), 2011-2012]. / Comportamiento suicida de adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en Medellín (Colombia), 2011-2012.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is a public health problem. In Colombia, teenagers are considered a group at high risk for suicidal behavior. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible association between suicidal behavior and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents of Medellin. METHODOLOGY: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was applied to a total of 447 adolescents and the sociodemographic, clinical, familiar, and life event variables of interest were analyzed. The descriptive analysis of qualitative variables are presented as absolute values and frequencies, and the age was described with median [interquartile range]. A logistic regression model was constructed with explanatory variables that showed statistical association. Data were analyzed with SPSS® software version 21.0. RESULTS: Of the total, 59.1% were female, and the median age was 16 [14-18] years. Suicidal behavior was presented in 31% of females and 23% of males. Attention deficit was present in 6.3% of adolescents. The logistic regression analysis showed that the variables that best explained the suicidal behavior of adolescents were: female sex, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and early intervention of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children may be a useful strategy in the prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents.

Trastornos por abuso y dependencia de sustancias en población colombiana: su prevalencia y comorbilidad con otros trastornos mentales seleccionados / Substance use disorders in Colombia: prevalence and comorbidity with other mental disorders

Introducción: Poco se conoce sobre la prevalencia de los trastornos por abuso y dependencia de sustancias y su comorbilidad con otros trastornos psiquiátricos en Colombia. Objetivos: Calcular la prevalencia anual y de vida para uso y trastornos por abuso o dependencia de sustancias y su comorbilidad con trastornos del ánimo, ansiedad e impulsividad. Método: Analítico, a partir de la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, que para el diagnóstico de los trastornos psiquiátricos aplicó el CIDI-WHO a 3.896 adultos de 18 a 54 años de edad no institucionalizados y residentes en el área urbana. Resultados: La prevalencia anual para trastorno por uso de sustancias en los 12 meses anteriores fue de 0,7% y para alguna vez en la vida de 2,4%. En el grupo de trastornos de ansiedad, el estrés postraumático presentó la mayor fuerza de asociación. Entre los trastornos del estado del ánimo, el trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) I presentó la asociación más alta. Entre los trastornos del impulso, la asociación más fuerte se encontró con el trastorno de la conducta. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que existe una fuerte asociación entre los trastornos por uso de sustancias y otros trastornos psiquiátricos, como el síndrome de estrés postraumático, el TAB I y trastornos de la conducta. Estos resultados tienen gran importancia clínica y de salud pública...

Introduction: Little is known about the prevalence of drug use, abuse and dependence and its comorbility with DSM-IV mental disorders in the general population in Colombia. Objective: To estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of comorbidities such as anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders in the Colombia National Comorbidity Survey. Method: Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted using a fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview with 3,896 respondents 18 to 54 years old. Results: the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of substance use disorders were 0.7% and 2.4%, respectively. An important contribution of this study is the assessment of the associations between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders studied. In the anxiety disorders group, posttraumatic stress had the strongest association with substance use disorders. Among mood disorders, bipolar I disorder had the highest association. Among the disorders of impulse, the strongest association found was with conduct disorder. Conclusion: There is a strong association between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar I disorder, and conduct disorder. These results have great clinical and public health relevance...

Factores asociados al abuso y la dependencia de sustancias en adolescentes colombianos, con base en los resultados del WMH-CIDI / Factors associated with substance use disorders in Colombian adolescents according to the results of the WMH-CIDI

Introducción: Dada la magnitud del problema de salud mental y las recomendaciones de instituciones nacionales e internacionales, se propuso generar conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo y protección para orientar intervenciones basadas en la evidencia en los programas de promoción y prevención de los trastornos por uso de sustancias en los adolescentes. Método: Como parte del WMH-OMS, se estudió una muestra probabilística de 1.576 adolescentes colombianos entre 13 y 17 años de edad. Se aplicó el instrumento CIDI para el diagnóstico del trastorno por abuso de sustancias, se estimó la asociación con los factores etiológicos, mediante análisis bivariado y la aplicación del modelo de regresión logística utilizando el método Step Wise. Resultados: Al calcular las razones de disparidad ajustadas con 95% de confianza, los factores de riesgo más asociados con trastornos por uso de sustancias fueron: antecedentes personales de consumo de marihuana, antecedentes paternos de trastorno mental, negligencia en la atención de las necesidades de comida y salud y maltrato entre los padres, el consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol y presencia de eventos vitales estresantes. Se comportaron como factores de protección: la buena comunicación con los padres, espiritualidad, cohesión familiar y la aplicación estricta de las normas. Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que los programas de prevención deben prestar atención a los grupos poblacionales que presentan los factores de riesgo...

Introduction: Given the magnitude of mental health problem and the recommendations of national and international institutions, it was proposed to generate knowledge about risk and protective factors for the targeting of evidence-based practice, programs for the promotion and prevention substance use disorders in adolescents. Method: As part of the WHO-WMH studied a probabilistic sample of 1,576 Colombian adolescents from 13 to 17 years old, CIDI instrument was applied for the diagnosis of substance abuse disorder, estimated the association with etiologic factors by bivariate analysis and application of logistic regression model using the method Step Wise. Results: In calculating the OR adjusted with 95% confidence, the risk factors most strongly associated with substance use disorders were: a history of marijuana use, parental history of mental illness, neglect in addressing the needs of food and health and abuse among parents, the cigarette and alcohol consumption and presence of stressful life events. They behaved as protective factors: Good communication with parents, spirituality, family cohesion and the strict application of the rules. Conclusion: These results suggest that prevention programs should pay special attention to population groups that present the risk and protective factors for drug use found in this study...

Es necesaria la terapia de mantenimiento con PUVA en pacientes con micosis fungoide en estadios tempranos?: evaluación de una guía de manejo / Is PUVA maintenance therapy necessary in patients with early stage mycosis fungoides?: evaluation of a treatment guideline

Objetivo: Evaluación de una guía de práctica clínica. Lugar: Centro Dermatológico CES de Sabaneta, Colombia. Diseño del estudio: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohortes en 31 pacientes con micosis fungoide en estadios tempranos IA (n=16) y IB (n=15) tratados con PUVA (mínimo, 58 sesiones), en quienes se logró mejoría clínica e histológica de las lesiones. Se evaluaron como variables: tiempo de evolución, tiempo y dosis de tratamiento y antecedente de recaídas. Para la clasificación los pacientes se sometieron a examen físico completo y diversos exámenes complementarios. Además, fueron estadificados de acuerdo con el sistema TNM. La población se dividió en dos grupos según los resultados: los que recayeron durante el seguimiento (n=9) y los que no lo hicieron (n=22). Resultados: El antecedente de recaída fue la variable que más se asoció a futuras recaídas (RR=8,56) (IC95% 2,72-26,94). La presencia de terapia de mantenimiento, al igual que otras variables estudiadas, no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,9) entre los grupos. Conclusión: El estudio sugiere, con alto grado de certeza, que el mantenimiento no evita recaídas futuras y que, por el contrario, el antecedente de recaída es un fuerte factor predictor de recaídas futuras.

General versus regional anesthesia for ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery / Anestesia general versus regional para cirugía artroscópica ambulatoria de rodilla

Background: Arthroscopic surgical procedures on the knee are now frequently performed and there is still no agreement as to what is the best anesthesia technique for them. Any anesthetic technique used should bring fast and safe recovery, accompanied by good postoperative pain controland good patient satisfaction, all very important goals of ambulatory anesthesia. Objective: The goal of the study was to compare general versus regional anesthesia (sciatic, femoral and obturator nerve blocks) in terms of pain control, time to discharge and overall patient satisfaction among others. Methods: We conducted a randomized, non-blinded, clinical essay. The sample included all patients scheduled for arthroscopic knee surgery at Clinica CES that met inclusion criteria, during the period of time that the study was performed. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics, or intraoperative time between groups. Time spent in post anesthesia care unit was significantly lower in the group where regional anesthesia was used (15 vs. 78 minutes, p<0.05). Patients in the regional anesthesia group also did not require supplemental analgesia and were discharged earlier. In fact, all the patients in regional anesthesia group had VAS Pain Scores less than 3 one hour after surgery, while 56% of the patients in the general anesthesia group had pain scores above 5 and required supplemental analgesia. There were higher incidence of postoperative nausea and vomit and greater anesthesia-related costs in general anesthesia group. Regional anesthesia patients were more satisfied with the anesthetic technique used than the general anesthesia ones. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that regional anesthesia for ambulatory arthroscopy knee surgery provides better postoperative analgesia, earlier discharge and better patient satisfaction than general anesthesia.

Introducción: La cirugía artroscópica de rodilla realizada ambulatoriamente impone el reto de encontrar la técnica anestésica más adecuada para este tipo de procedimiento. La técnica usada debe conllevar a una rápida 1:1 segura recuperación, brindar buen control del dolor en el postoperatorio e incrementar la satisfacción del paciente. Objetivo: Comparar la anestesia general versus anestesia regional (bloqueo de nervio periférico de los nervios ciático (abordaje posterior) femoral y obturador en cirugía artroscópica de rodilla en términos de control del dolor, tiempo para el alta hospitalaria y satisfacción general del paciente, entre otros. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio clínico, aleatorizado no cegado. La muestra incluyó todos los pacientes con cirugía artroscópica de rodilla ambulatoria efectuadas en la Clínica CES durante 2005. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadística mente significativa en las características demográficas, ni en el tiempo intraoperatorio entre los grupos. El tiempo de estancia promedio en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos fue significativamente menor en el grupo de anestesia regional (15 vs 78 min, p<0.005)...